speaking is before a Jewish audience (Acts 2:4–11; 8:17; 10:46; 19:6). Later, Paul elaborates that the gift of tongues was the fulfillment of the prophet Isaiah’s depiction of an authenticating sign for the Jews (Isa. 28:11; 1 Cor 14:21–22). Since every person in the Temple crowd, including the apostles, could normally converse in Aramaic, Hebrew or Greek (and most were conversant in two out of the three languages), then the purpose of speaking in tongues at Pentecost could not have been to facilitate